One of the matrimonia, and in the meantime controversial issues is the legal outcome of a wife action when she waives her claim to her marriage portion or transfers it as a gift to her husband. Generally speaking, under shariat, marriage is considered a religious duty. It is also regarded as an ethical and social contract. Seen in this way, its consequences are not confined to the spouses matrimonial relationship inter, but, as a legal rule, it transcends the ambit of the free will or the consent principle and as such, it is treated as a distinct legal institution whereby order can be assured.One of the wives matrimonial rights is dowry or marriage portion. Upon agreement to its value or amount and, once the marriage contract is executed, the entitlement to it will be effectuated as follows: in cases where the marriage portion is chooses in possession, then upon marriage it becomes the wife property; however, in cases where it is chooses in action then upon marriage wife will be the creditor and accordingly will be entitled to claim it immediately. Yet, according to Article 1092 of IRI Code if the husband divorces his wife before the consummation of marriage, the wife will be entired to half of the marriage portion he has the right to demand the return of the surplus, in original, in the equivalent, or in value. In comparing Articles 1092 and 1082 of the IRI Civil Code one may come to the conclusion that of that if divorce occurs before the consummation of marriage the wife will lose half of her portion marriage to her husband. However, during the course of such shifts in ownership, the wife may either waives her right of claim to her marriage portion or transfer it to the husband as a gift. Under these circumstances, as many authorities have concluded, the wives legal position will change from an owner or a creditor into a debtor. The main object of this essay is to examine such lines of approach and offer some feasible propositions.

The present study aims to investigate the nominal and the predicative possession schemas in Persian with a cognitive approach. Schemas are abstractions from which the grammatical constructions develop. To this end, Heine's (1997) cognitive approach to the study of the Possession Schemas is considered as the theoretical framework by the authors. The results of the study show that the Action, the Location, the Companion, the Goal and the Source Schemas are used in Persian to encode the predicative possession. Moreover, the Location, the Companion, the Additive, the Genitive, the Source, the Linking and the Topic Schemas encode the nominal possession in Persian. A unique feature of Persian, which is not documented in Heine's cognitive approach, is the use of the Linking Schema to encode the nominal possession. This issue is introduced in this research for the first time. Furthermore, Persian uses the Source Schema to express the predicative possession.

In a taking possession will, heirs of testator are forbidden to possess property that is subject of a will. There is no distinction, based upon different foundations, among reasons for such prohibition and under different foundations like transferring, appearance, and no need for an acceptance, the result is forbidding heirs from possession of property. The reason for above point is that a testator has an especial right over one-third of his property, therefore, till the time of rejection or acceptance of the will his legal heirs are not permitted to use the testator’, s property. For such a limitation, there is no difference either the testator die or his property transferred to his residuary. Under this foundation that after dying a person his legal heirs becomes owner of the testator’, s property, so it is possible to accept such a result for them in the case under discussion, since there many examples that a testator unable to transfer his ownership upon his property to a third person residuary. In all those cases, like conditional sale contracts and mortgage, a common factor for forbidden a testator is an implying conditions to save property or destroying it by the owner,and a seller would be able to recover the same property or has a right to return it to him by a buyer as well as a mortgager would be able to recover his money by selling the mortgage. In all those cases mentioned in above, a person who is obliged to keep a property itself or has no right to possess it. Because, possession of a property is a matter that is inconsistent with the main purpose of doing legal activities namely a passion either in a form of transferring or destroying it, or condition for saving a property directly or by implication. Under the “, Imamiyyah”,Jurisprudence, it is admitted that until the time of rejection or acceptance of a will by a residuary, those who are testators of a will have not any right to possess the property of a dead person,of course, this is not a rule that easily to accept it since it is in contradiction to rules of ownership and right of rejection to accept a will. In this article, it is tried to support a reason (s) for a prohibition of possession of a testator’, s property against those above rules.

Possession is a universal concept. It can be syntactically represented as one of the two major varieties: Attributive or Predicative. Attributive possession is encoded as a noun phrase containing the possessor and the possesee, while predicative possession is encoded as a sentence. In the present study, predicative possession construction in Rashti Gilaki was investigated with a cognitive approach. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. A total of 420 sentences were gathered via native Gilaki speakers, all of which verified by other native speakers of the same variety, as well as the data already created in Rastorgueva et. al. (2012). The theoretical framework of the present study is Stassen (2009) in which four major categories are introduced for encoding predicative possession including Locational, With-possessive, Topic possessive and "Have" possessive. The existence of the Locational variety, as well as With-possessives and "Have" possessives were confirmed, while no evidence for the existence of Topic possessives could be found. "Have" possessives occurred more frequently than the other two varieties, making up the overall majority of the data. As a result, it can be considered the main strategy for encoding predicative possession in the Rasht variety of Gilaki.

Since in Imamiyeh jurisprudence and civil law, Heyazat Mobahat have been considered as the causes of possession, so that in this article, a brief report is presented on causes of possession, different means to gain possession, and also topics such as unity or diversity of causativeness of Ehya and Heyazat, terms of Heyazat and Ehyaand the evidences of those who believe in causativeness of Heyazat in land possession and its assessment, permission of government in Heyzat and preparation of uncultivated land in the view of the believers in Heyzat of uncultivated lands, Mobahat, commonalities and its most important types are discussed. Causativeness, limit of ownership, base and criteria of establishment of possession in the light of "Heyazat" are the preoccupations of this article.

This paper aims to provide a typological account of nominal and predicative possession constructions in Taleshi. It follows the typological framework of ‎ Aikhenvald (2013), where different attested strategies for the expression of nominal ‎ and predicative possession along with their corresponding functions are touched on. As far as nominal possession constructions in ‎Taleshi are concerned, four strategies are used to exhibit the relationship of ‎ possessor and possessee in a noun phrase: a.juxtaposition, a possessor ending in a ‎vowel precedes the possessee; b. possessor can be marked by number-sensitive oblique case-markers (i- for singular and -u for plural), or alternatively, replaced by ‎ six different possessive pronouns, c. marking the possessee with a pronominal ‎ pertensive clitic along with related information on number and person of the possessor; d.‎ both possessor and possessee may be marked. This is done by replacing the possessor with the suppletive pronoun of ǝštan and the attachment of a pronominal ‎pertensive clitic to the possessee. Just like nominal possession, predicative possession in Taleshi is also expressed in different types of constructions, including ‎ native existential and copular constructions where the characteristics of the so-‎ called H-constructions are evident. In Mâsâli, a borrowed possessive verb of dâšte' to have' is also attested.

The present paper, based on the grammaticalization theory, deals with the concept of possession in Persian (including Old, Middle and New Persian) and shows how the old way of expressing possession using the verb "to be" and dative /benefactive case is replaced by the verb "to have". In a later stage, the verb "to have" has been used to mark the progressive aspect in Modem Persian. This shift from "possession" to "aspect" is a. change that can be seen in many languages and is explained using the concepts of "semantic bleaching" and "metaphor".

1. Introduction: Possession is one of the universals in linguistics; it can be encoded in nominative and predicative forms. Stassen (2009) proposed four types of predicative possession: locative possession, ‘ with’ possession, topic possession and 'have' possession. Present article studies predicative possession construction in Shahmirzadi language based on typological-functional approach; it tries to answer this question: “ which types of predicative possession strategies are used in Shahmirzadi language? A questionnaire was prepared for this survey and data was gathered by interviewing native speakers of Shahmirzadi. The questionnaire contains 53 sentences which are positive and includes predicative possessions with “ be” and “ have” . Types of predicative possession in Shahmirzadi As mentioned previously, Stassen (2009) proposed four types of predicative possession: 1-Locative possession: At/ to PR (there) is/exist a PE 2-“ with” possession: PR is/exist with a PE 3-Topic possession: (As for) PR, PE is/exist 4-“ have” possession: PR has a PE Analysis of the collected data and examination of Stassen’ s proposed classification pertaining to predicative possession, indicate that Shahmirzadi language chooses three types of predicative possession construction which are provided in theoretical framework of the article; there is no topic possession in Shahmirzadi language and according to the statistical analysis of the results, the speakers tend to use ‘ have’ possession more than locative and ‘ with’ possession, therefore the frequency of 'have' possession is more than other types. Some data in Shahmirzadi possession predicative are as follows: Table 1-Shahmirzadi data Types of predicative possession Shahmirzadi English Locative ʔ æ me xune dæ læ yæ k xü rde ʔ ö taq dæ ræ We have a small room in our house. With yæ k piremæ rd dæ ræ ba sæ fə d-ə mi ö dæ raz-e riš The old man has white hair and long beard. Topic -- have ʔ in š æ hr č æ n-ta mæ drə sə dan-æ This city has some schools. Conclusion and discussion Having studied different aspects of examples and data in corpus, we came up with the following results: 1-Locative possession is used in Shahmirzadi language but the speakers tend to convert locative possession to “ have” possession. They convert 84% of locative possession data to “ have” possession. The Possessee is the subject of the sentence and the possessor is oblique. The oblique case is shown by the postposition in this language. 2-Although the frequency of “ with” possession in this language is very low, this type of predicative possession is present in Shahmirzadi anyway. The speakers tend to convert 70% 0f “ with” possession data to “ have” possession; in this type the possessor is the subject of the sentence and the possessee has oblique case. 3-There is no topic possession in Shahmirzadi language. 4-Statistical analysis of “ have” possession in corpus shows that the frequency of this type of possession is high in Shahmirzadi and the speakers tend to convert other types to this type of predicative possession; in this type the possessor is the subject/agent and the possessee is object/patient of the sentence. Table 2-The semantic map of predicative in Shahmirzadi Language Have Topic With (commitive) Locative

This article examines the legal nature of permission and its characteristics, such as being independent, unilateral, and revocable; and determines the constitutional signified in permission contracts. For this purpose, the nature of Insha (legally-purposed intention) and its elements including intention and consent, and also the role of manner of declaration of intention in realization of the juridical acts were investigated. This study asks whether permission is a juridical act or a juridical fact. The study concludes that permission is merely a declarative intentional fact expressing the inner consent, which cannot create a constitutional nature. Rather, it is the legislator who sanctions the permission of possession in such an event. Because the legal effects do not exclusively flow from juridical acts, and some of these effects originate from juridical facts. On the other hand, it is the intention to initiate that can create a constitutional nature. In permission contract, the intention to initiate legal relations has a constitutional nature such as others’ constitutional ownership, and realizes its constitutional existence.

These stamps with their patterns are the documents of civilized history of old Persia. In forth millennium A.D. there were new developments in the system of commerce and contracts due to the production of stamps. The stamping of all kinds of objects and dishes was a sign that they belonged to their owner and as a result the value of them were evaluated according to their owner, the maker and seller of the stamp. Even though there have been many sources with regards to Iran's art and history and even studies done on stamps but there is still a necessity to view them from different aspects and to study these stamps according to their design, pattern, history and the area they were found in, so we can find a way to know about old times and to make research an easier process to find information in. In this abstract we will try to use this very same technique to describe and by referring to the available table you can find out about the development and growth of this work of art easily and efficiently. We hope that this point of view shows a simpler, easier, deeper and a more efficient process in the way we wish to search about history.